Guillaume Chanel will give a Keynote talk at the EmoRec EEG workshop, part of the ACII 2024 conference, on the topic of “The emotion “ground-truth”: emotion annotations and generalizability”. The most common ways to establish emotional “ground-truth”, self-reports and external annotations, are discussed in light of the presented affective cues. Than an alternative relying on cognitive models of emotions, multimodal information, and unsupervised learning is proposed.